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Here is a brief summary of how to invoke sde-as
. For details,
see section Comand-Line Options.
sde-as [ -a[cdhlns][=file] ] [ -D ] [ --defsym sym=val ] [ -f ] [ --gstabs ] [ --gdwarf2 ] [ --help ] [ -I dir ] [ -J ] [ -K ] [ -L ] [ --keep-locals ] [ -o objfile ] [ -R ] [ --statistics ] [ -v ] [ -version ] [ --version ] [ -W ] [ --warn ] [ --fatal-warnings ] [ -w ] [ -X ] [ -x ] [ -Z ] [ -EL ] [ -EB ] [ -G num ] [ -O[num] ] [ -mcpu=cpu ] [ -mabi=abi ] [ -mips1 ] [ -mips2 ] [ -mips3 ] [ -mips4 ] [ -mips5 ] [ -mips32 ] [ -mips32r2 ] [ -mips64 ] [ -mips64r2 ] [ -mips16 ] [ -mips16e ] [ -msmartmips ] [ -mips3D ] [ -mgp32 ] [ -mgp64 ] [ -mfp32 ] [ -mfp64 ] [ -mhard-float ] [ -msingle-float ] [ -msoft-float ] [ -mno-float ] [ -mno-fix-cw4010 ] [ -mno-fix-vr4300 ] [ -mno-fix-r4000 ] [ -mdiv-checks ] [ -mno-div-checks ] [ -membedded-data ] [ -mno-gpconst ] [ --trap ] [ --no-break ] [ --break ] [ --no-trap ] [ -KPIC ] [ -call_shared ] [ -non_shared ] [ -xgot ] [ -membedded-pic ] [ -- | files ... ] |
-a[cdhlmns]
-ac
-ad
-ah
-al
-am
-an
-as
=file
You may combine these options; for example, use `-aln' for assembly listing without forms processing. The `=file' option, if used, must be the last one. By itself, `-a' defaults to `-ahls'.
-D
--defsym sym=value
-f
--gstabs
--gdwarf2
--help
-I dir
.include
directives.
-J
-K
-L
--keep-locals
-o objfile
sde-as
objfile.
-R
--statistics
--strip-local-absolute
-v
-version
as
version.
--version
as
version and exit.
-W
--no-warn
-X
--fatal-warnings
--warn
-w
-x
-X
-Z
-- | files ...
The following options are available when sde-as is configured for a MIPS processor. For a full description of these arguments, see Assembler options.
-G num
gp
register. Set to zero to disable.
-O
-Onum
-EB
-EL
-mcpu=cpu
-mips1, -mips2, -mips3, -mips4, -mips5
-mips32, -mips32r2, -mips64, -mips64r2
-mips16
-mips16e
-msmartmips
-mips3D
-mabi=32|o64|n32|64|eabi|meabi
-mgp32
-mgp64
-mfp32
-mfp64
-mhard-float
-msingle-float
-msoft-float
-mno-float
-mno-div-checks
-mdiv-checks
--trap
--no-break
--break
--no-trap
-KPIC
-call_shared
-xgot
-non_shared
-membedded-pic
-membedded-data
-mno-gpconst
-mno-fix-cw4010
-mno-fix-vr4300
-mno-fix-r4000
1.1 Structure of this Manual | ||
1.2 The GNU Assembler | ||
1.3 Object File Formats | ||
1.4 Command Line | ||
1.5 Input Files | ||
1.6 Output (Object) File | ||
1.7 Error and Warning Messages |
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This manual is intended to describe what you need to know to use
GNU sde-as
. We cover the syntax expected in source files, including
notation for symbols, constants, and expressions; the directives that
sde-as
understands; and of course how to invoke sde-as
.
We also cover special features in the MIPS
configuration of sde-as
, including assembler directives.
On the other hand, this manual is not intended as an introduction to programming in assembly language--let alone programming in general! In a similar vein, we make no attempt to introduce the machine architecture; we do not describe the instruction set, standard mnemonics, registers or addressing modes that are standard to a particular architecture.
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GNU as
is really a family of assemblers.
This manual describes sde-as
, a member of that family which is
configured for the MIPS architectures.
If you use (or have used) the GNU assembler on one architecture, you
should find a fairly similar environment when you use it on another
architecture. Each version has much in common with the others,
including object file formats, most assembler directives (often called
pseudo-ops) and assembler syntax.
sde-as
is primarily intended to assemble the output of the
GNU C compiler sde-gcc
for use by the linker
sde-ld
. Nevertheless, we've tried to make sde-as
assemble correctly everything that other assemblers for the same
machine would assemble.
Unlike older assemblers, sde-as
is designed to assemble a source
program in one pass of the source file. This has a subtle impact on the
.org directive (see section .org
).
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The GNU assembler can be configured to produce several alternative
object file formats. For the most part, this does not affect how you
write assembly language programs; but directives for debugging symbols
are typically different in different file formats. See section Symbol Attributes.
On the MIPS, sde-as
is configured to produce
ELF format object files.
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After the program name sde-as
, the command line may contain
options and file names. Options may appear in any order, and may be
before, after, or between file names. The order of file names is
significant.
`--' (two hyphens) by itself names the standard input file
explicitly, as one of the files for sde-as
to assemble.
Except for `--' any command line argument that begins with a
hyphen (`-') is an option. Each option changes the behavior of
sde-as
. No option changes the way another option works. An
option is a `-' followed by one or more letters; the case of
the letter is important. All options are optional.
Some options expect exactly one file name to follow them. The file name may either immediately follow the option's letter (compatible with older assemblers) or it may be the next command argument (GNU standard). These two command lines are equivalent:
sde-as -o my-object-file.o mumble.s sde-as -omy-object-file.o mumble.s |
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We use the phrase source program, abbreviated source, to
describe the program input to one run of sde-as
. The program may
be in one or more files; how the source is partitioned into files
doesn't change the meaning of the source.
The source program is a concatenation of the text in all the files, in the order specified.
Each time you run sde-as
it assembles exactly one source
program. The source program is made up of one or more files.
(The standard input is also a file.)
You give sde-as
a command line that has zero or more input file
names. The input files are read (from left file name to right). A
command line argument (in any position) that has no special meaning
is taken to be an input file name.
If you give sde-as
no file names it attempts to read one input file
from the sde-as
standard input, which is normally your terminal. You
may have to type ctl-D to tell sde-as
there is no more program
to assemble.
Use `--' if you need to explicitly name the standard input file in your command line.
If the source is empty, sde-as
produces a small, empty object
file.
There are two ways of locating a line in the input file (or files) and either may be used in reporting error messages. One way refers to a line number in a physical file; the other refers to a line number in a "logical" file. See section Error and Warning Messages.
Physical files are those files named in the command line given
to sde-as
.
Logical files are simply names declared explicitly by assembler
directives; they bear no relation to physical files. Logical file names help
error messages reflect the original source file, when sde-as
source
is itself synthesized from other files. sde-as
understands the
`#' directives emitted by the sde-gcc
preprocessor. See also
.file
.
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Every time you run sde-as
it produces an output file, which is
your assembly language program translated into numbers. This file
is the object file. Its default name is
a.out
.
You can give it another name by using the -o
option. Conventionally,
object file names end with `.o'. The default name is used for historical
reasons: older assemblers were capable of assembling self-contained programs
directly into a runnable program. (For some formats, this isn't currently
possible, but it can be done for the a.out
format.)
The object file is meant for input to the linker sde-ld
. It contains
assembled program code, information to help sde-ld
integrate
the assembled program into a runnable file, and (optionally) symbolic
information for the debugger.
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sde-as
may write warnings and error messages to the standard error
file (usually your terminal). This should not happen when a compiler
runs sde-as
automatically. Warnings report an assumption made so
that sde-as
could keep assembling a flawed program; errors report a
grave problem that stops the assembly.
Warning messages have the format
file_name:NNN:Warning Message Text |
(where NNN is a line number). If a logical file name has been given
(see section .file
) it is used for the filename, otherwise the name of
the current input file is used. If a logical line number was given
(see section .line
)
then it is used to calculate the number printed,
otherwise the actual line in the current source file is printed. The
message text is intended to be self explanatory (in the grand Unix
tradition).
Error messages have the format
file_name:NNN:FATAL:Error Message Text |
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