Image Gallery
Chapter S16
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FIGURE S16.01The R/V Roger Revelle is a modern research vessel. (Photo courtesy of Katy Hill.) -
FIGURE S16.02The FS Polarstern is a modern icebreaking research ship. (Photo courtesy of P. Lemke/Alfred Wegener Institute.) -
FIGURE S16.03The science deck of the RV Melville. The CTD and hydrographic winches, A frames, and cranes used for maneuvering equipment over the side are located on the open deck in the rear. Source: From Scripps Institution of Oceanography (2009). -
FIGURE S16.04FS Polarstern winch station (foreground) and deck operations. (Photo courtesy of H. Grobe/Alfred Wegener Institute.) -
FIGURE S16.05Scientific laboratories on the main deck of the R/V Melville. Source: From Scripps Institution of Oceanography (2009). -
FIGURE S16.06FLIP on station. Source: From Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (2009). -
FIGURE S16.07Quartz pressure sensor, designed for high pressures. The quartz crystal is in the ‘tuning fork.’ Source: From Paroscientific, Inc. (2009). -
FIGURE S16.08(a) Special bucket samplers for SST measurements. The rightmost is a canvas bucket and the other two are metal containers. (b) Traditional wooden bucket used to collect surface samples. Source: From Folland and Parker (1995). -
FIGURE S16.09Nansen bottle, circa 1960, for mounting individually on a wire with reversing thermometer racks. Source: From Dietrich, Kalle, Krauss, and Siedler (1980); Ocean World (2009). -
FIGURE S16.10Rosette sampler. Large sampler used in the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, with 36 10-liter Niskin bottles, an acoustic pinger (lower left), an LADCP (center, yellow long), a CTD (bottom, horizontal), and transmissometer (center, yellow short). (Photo courtesy of L. Talley.) -
FIGURE S16.11Time series from 1856 to 1992 of Northern (a) and Southern (b) Hemisphere anomalies of SSTs from the 1951 to 1980 average. The dashed line is a correction to the canvas bucket SST measurements for the wind cooling, developed by the British Hadley Centre. Source: From Folland and Parker (1995). -
FIGURE S16.12aThermosalinograph: (a) Sea-Bird unit and (b) schematic of its operation. Source: Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. (2009a). -
FIGURE S16.12bThermosalinograph: (a) Sea-Bird unit and (b) schematic of its operation. Source: Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. (2009a). -
FIGURE S16.13Protected and unprotected reversing thermometers. Source: Emery and Thomson (2001). -
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FIGURE S16.15ab(a) Neil-Brown Mark III CTD. Source: From General Oceanics (2009). (b) Sea-Bird 911plus CTD. Source: Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. (2009b). -
FIGURE S16.16Mechanical bathythermograph (MBT), in use from 1951 to 1975. Source: Neumann and Pierson (1966). -
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FIGURE S16.18An expendable bathythermograph (XBT). Source: From NOAA UOTC (2009). -
FIGURE S16.19ab(a) Portable (hand-held) XBT launcher. (Photo courtesy of Valerie Cannon.) (b) XBT autolauncher developed for multiple probes by Scripps Institution of Oceanography. (Photo courtesy of G. Pezzoli and D. Roemmich.) -
FIGURE S16.20Drawing a salinity sample from a Nansen bottle. (Photo courtesy of W. Emery.) -
FIGURE S16.21Autosal inductive salinometer in common use in laboratories for salinity analyses. Source: From Guildline (2009). -
FIGURE S16.22Drawing an O2 sample from a Niskin bottle. (Photo courtesy of J. Swift.) -
FIGURE S16.23aStarting points of surface drifter tracks from 1991 to 1997. Source: From WOCE (2009). (b) Number of years of drifter data per year since 1988. Source: From NOAA Global Drifter Program (2009). -
FIGURE S16.23bStarting points of surface drifter tracks from 1991 to 1997. Source: From WOCE (2009). (b) Number of years of drifter data per year since 1988. Source: From NOAA Global Drifter Program (2009). -
FIGURE S16.24abLagrangian free-drifting buoy elements: (a) drifter ready to deploy with buoy, coiled wire, and collapsed holey sock drogue. Source: From NOAA Global Drifter Program (2009). (b) Holey sock drogue (blue cylinder) being recovered. (Photo courtesy of K. Buesseler.) Source: From WHOI Image Galleries (2009). -
FIGURE S16.25aAcoustically tracked floats: (a) Swallow float, (b) SOFAR float, and (c) RAFOS float. Source: From University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography (2009). See also Rossby (2007). -
FIGURE S16.25bAcoustically tracked floats: (a) Swallow float, (b) SOFAR float, and (c) RAFOS float. Source: From University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography (2009). See also Rossby (2007). -
FIGURE S16.25cAcoustically tracked floats: (a) Swallow float, (b) SOFAR float, and (c) RAFOS float. Source: From University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography (2009). See also Rossby (2007). -
FIGURE S16.26aRAFOS floats on the isopycnal surface 27.2 σ θ in the North Atlantic for 1993 through 1995: (a) release locations and (b) tracks. Source: From Zhang, Prater, and Rossby. (2001). -
FIGURE S16.26bRAFOS floats on the isopycnal surface 27.2 σ θ in the North Atlantic for 1993 through 1995: (a) release locations and (b) tracks. Source: From Zhang, Prater, and Rossby. (2001). -
FIGURE S16.27ac(a) Schematic of an Argo float. (b) The 3000th Argo float being deployed in July 2007. (Photo courtesy of Kara Lavender.) Source: From Argo 3000 (2007). (c) Argo float profile locations in February, 2009. Source: From U.S. Argo Program (2009) for a and c. -
FIGURE S16.28Operation of an Argo float in “park and profile” mode. Source: From U.S. Argo Program (2009). -
FIGURE S16.29Horizontal region covered by an intentional release of sulfur hexafluoride after release at a point in the subtropical North Atlantic. Source: From Ledwell, Watson, and Law (1993). -
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FIGURE S16.32a(a) Vector Measuring Current Meter (VMCM) and Vector Averaging Current Meter (VACM). Source: From Beardsley (1987). (b) Deploying a VMCM with some other instruments. Source: From USGS (2005). -
FIGURE S16.32b(a) Vector Measuring Current Meter (VMCM) and Vector Averaging Current Meter (VACM). Source: From Beardsley (1987). (b) Deploying a VMCM with some other instruments. Source: From USGS (2005). -
FIGURE S16.33Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler with a 4-transducer head. Source: From Teledyne RD Instruments (2011). -
FIGURE S16.34Electromagnetic current meter (S4 model). Source: From InterOcean Systems (2011). -
FIGURE S16.35a(a) Map showing abandoned commercial undersea cables that have been exploited for observations of transports. This map was prepared in 1998. (b) Close-up of Florida Current cable measurement locations. Source: From Flosadottir (2004) and ICPC (2007). -
FIGURE S16.35b(a) Map showing abandoned commercial undersea cables that have been exploited for observations of transports. This map was prepared in 1998. (b) Close-up of Florida Current cable measurement locations. Source: From Flosadottir (2004) and ICPC (2007). -
FIGURE S16.36Two current meter mooring configurations: (a) Surface mooring and (b) subsurface mooring. Internal mooring flotation on the subsurface mooring is not shown. Source: From Emery and Thomson (2001). -
FIGURE S16.37ad(a) Intermediate floats being attached to a mooring line. (b) Railroad wheel anchors. (c) Cutting the support line to drop anchor on a mooring. (d) Two different acoustic releases at the bottom of a mooring. (Photos courtesy of W. Emery.) -
FIGURE S16.38Tropical moored buoy array. Source: From NOAA PMEL (2009a); Bourlès et al. (2008); McPhaden et al. (2009). -
FIGURE S16.39a(a) TAO buoys being serviced. (b) Layout of TAO ATLAS mooring. Source: From NOAA PMEL (2009b). -
FIGURE S16.39b(a) TAO buoys being serviced. (b) Layout of TAO ATLAS mooring. Source: From NOAA PMEL (2009b). -
FIGURE S16.40ab(a) Bumble bee buoys used in the North Pacific. (Photo courtesy of W. Emery.) (b) 12 meter discus buoy. Source: From NOAA NDBC (2008). -
FIGURE S16.41ac(a) Moored array of sound sources (S), receivers (R), and “environmental moorings” (E) for the first large-scale acoustic tomography trial in the western North Atlantic. Source: From Cornuelle et al. (1985). (b) Existing North Pacific ATOC acoustic array. Source: From Dushaw (2003). (c) Prototypical ATOC long-distance acoustic array. Source: From Dushaw (2002). -
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FIGURE S16.43The global sea level observing system (GLOSS) tide gauge network. Source: From WMO JCOMM (2009). -
FIGURE S16.44Meteorological sensor package: ASIMET system with dual sets of sensors for shortwave radiation (pyranometer), longwave radiation (infrared radiometer), barometric pressure, relative humidity and air temperature, precipitation, and wind. Source: From WHOI (2010). -
FIGURE S16.45Secchi disk with alternating black and white quadrants, which is typically used for lake applications. Secchi disks for marine applications are larger and usually all white. Source: From Carlson (2011). -
FIGURE S16.46ac(a) Transmissometer schematic. (b) Fluorometer schematic. Source: From Richardson and Gardner (1997). (c) Irradiance radiometer. Source: From TriOS (2009). -
FIGURE S16.47acInfrared image for June 2, 2009 from (a) NOAA GOES_East, (b) NOAA GOES_West, and (c) Meteosat. Source: From NOAA NESDIS (2009). -
FIGURE S16.48ab(a) The electromagnetic spectrum and (b) the atmospheric transmission % and solar spectra; the emission spectrum for Earth is also shown (green). Source: After NASA GSFC (2004). -
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FIGURE S16.50Thermal infrared image of the West Coast of North America from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on June 12, 1993, at 23:52 Universal Time. -
FIGURE S16.51ab(a) Sea ice concentration for January 4, 2004 (red – low; dark blue – high) from routine analysis based on the SSMI passive microwave radiometer. Source: From NOAA Marine Modeling and Analysis Branch (2004). (b) Operational sea ice analysis, based on a combination of satellite and in situ observations, for the same week for a portion of the Barents Sea. The “egg” codes in the right column are described on the NATICE Web site. Source: From National Ice Center (2004). -
FIGURE S16.52abArtist's renderings of (a) TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter satellite and (b) Jason-1 altimeter satellite. Source: From NASA/JPL-Caltech (2004a). -
FIGURE S16.53Mean sea level anomaly (cm) from merged ERS and T/P data (1992–1997). Courtesy of P. LeTraon/Envisat Data Products.) -
FIGURE S16.54Gravity anomaly map (mGal where 1 mGal = 10−5 m/s2) from the GRACE mission with 363 days of observations (Gravity Model 02). Source: From NASA/University of Texas (2004). -
FIGURE S16.55Pacific wind speed and direction from NSCAT (September 21, 1996). Source: From NASA/JPL-Caltech (2004b). -
FIGURE S16.56ab(a) GPS satellite orbits and (b) GPS contacts with receivers. Source: After Dana (1999).
