Chapter 4
Figure 4-1a, f/8 will light 37', courtesy of M. Halter, GWU MS student
Figure 4-1b, f/11 will light 27', courtesy of M. Halter, GWU MS student
Figure 4-1c, f/16 will light 18', courtesy of M. Halter, GWU MS student
Figure 4-1d, f/22 will light 13', courtesy of M. Halter, GWU MS student
Figure 4-2, faster than sync shutter speeds causing the shutter blades to be covering the scene, courtesy of D. Sedig, GWU MFS student
Figure 4-3, being able to see through someone makes them a ‘ghost,’ courtesy of S. Keppel, GWU MS student
Figure 4-4, when close to the subject, and the flash is on the hot-shoe, it is aimed a bit above the area being captured by the lens, courtesy of T. Nelson, GWU MFS student
Figure 4-5a, when the flash is close and aimed high, the lower part of the scene is underexposed, courtesy of S. Keppel, GWU MS student
Figure 4-5b, an even exposure when the flash is 6’ away, courtesy of S. Keppel, GWU MS student
Figure 4-6a, the flash with the normal flash angle, courtesy of S. Keppel, GWU MS student
Figure 4-6b, the flash head tilted down one notch, courtesy of S. Keppel, GWU MS student
Figure 4-7, flash connected by a remote flash cord, courtesy of S. Keppel, GWU MS student
Figure 4-8a, with the flash near the lens, red-eye is frequently the result when photographing people, courtesy of Jenna Stanners
Figure 4-8b, remove the flash head from close proximity of the lens and red-eye is eliminated, courtesy of Jenna Stanners
Figure 4-9, a pop-up flash, courtesy of S. Keppel, GWU MS student
Figure 4-10a, the Canon Macro Ring Lite MR-14EX, courtesy of Canon, USA
Figure 4-10b, the Nikon R1 C1 Close-up Speedlight, courtesy of R. Taniwaki, Nikon Forensic Services
Figure 4-11a, camera held vertical; flash held horizontal, courtesy of S. Keppel, GWU MS student
Figure 4-11b, both camera and flash head held vertical, courtesy of S. Keppel, GWU MS student
Figure 4-12, internal flash head adjustments for different focal lengths
Figure 4-13, the Inverse Square Law I
Figure 4-14, when the Intensity is 1/2I, what is the D?
Figure 4-15, when the Intensity is 1/8I, what is the D?
Figure 4-16, the ISL as the flash gets closer
Figure 4-17a, full manual flash provides light for a distance of 13’ with an f/22, courtesy of M. Halter, GWU MS student
Figure 4-17b, manual flash provides light for a distance of 9.2’ with ½ power, courtesy of M. Halter, GWU MS student
Figure 4-17c, manual flash provides light for a distance of 6.5’ with ¼ power, courtesy of M. Halter, GWU MS student
Figure 4-17d, manual flash provides light for a distance of 4.6’ with 1/8 power, courtesy of M. Halter, GWU MS student
Figure 4-17e, manual flash provides light for a distance of 3.2’ with 1/16 power, courtesy of M. Halter, GWU MS student
Figure 4-17f, manual flash provides light for a distance of 2.2’ with 1/32 power, courtesy of M. Halter, GWU MS student
Figure 4-18, auto flash sensor eye, courtesy of S. Keppel, GWU MS student
Figure 4-19a, TTL flash with an f/8 will light a subject from 2.3’ to 37’, courtesy of M. Halter, GWU MS student
Figure 4-19b, TTL flash with an f/11 will light a subject from 2’ to 26’, courtesy of M. Halter, GWU MS student
Figure 4-19c, TTL flash with an f/16 will light a subject from 2’ to 18’, courtesy of M. Halter, GWU MS student
Figure 4-19d, TTL flash with an f/22 will light a subject from 2’ to 13’, courtesy of M. Halter, GWU MS student
Figure 4-20a, metered for the sunny part of the scene, the car is properly exposed, but not the shady area, courtesy of S. Keppel, GWU MS student
Figure 4-20b, metered for the shady part of the scene, the shade is properly exposed, but not the sunny area, courtesy of S. Keppel, GWU MS student
Figure 4-21, fill-in flash allows us to see details in the shadows, courtesy of S. Keppel, GWU MS student
Figure 4-22a, a backlit subject, and the camera metered to properly expose the outside scene, courtesy of Major Stutzman
Figure 4-22b, a backlit subject properly exposed with fill-in flash, courtesy of Major Stutzman
Figure 4-23a, a shoe impression lit with direct light, courtesy of S. Keppel, GWU MS student Figure 4-23b, a shoe impression lit with oblique light, courtesy of S. Keppel, GWU MS student
Figure 4-24a, ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ shadows, courtesy of S. Lingsch, GWU MS student
Figure 4-24b, the reflector which made the ‘soft’ shadows, courtesy of S. Lingsch, GWU MS student
Figure 4-25, a reflector used on a shoeprint in dirt, courtesy of S. Lingsch, GWU MS student
Figure 4-26, tripod center stem reversed
Figure 4-27, tripod positioning, when the center stem cannot be reversed
Figure 4-28, shoeprints in snow need enhanced contrast to show their pattern
Figure 4-29a, tire track segments, courtesy of J. Sinex, GWU MS student
Figure 4-29b, an individual segment, courtesy of J. Sinex, GWU MS student
Figure 4-30, the ABFO #2 scale, courtesy of J. Polangcus, GWU MS student
Figure 4-31, castone, Mikrosil, photo and powder & tape lifts
Figure 4-32, a close-up ‘as is’ of the lower arch, courtesy of J. Polangcus, GWU MS student
Figure 4-33, indented writing is best seen when lit diagonally
Figure 4-34, ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ dust prints, courtesy of J. Sinex, GWU MS student
Figure 4-35, strange shadows eliminated with bounce flash
Figure 4-36, multiple problems solved by the use of bounce flash
Figure 4-37 shows both of these effects. The area properly lit by the bounce flash is relatively small, and we can see that the background quickly becomes dimmer and out of focus.
Figure 4-37, although bounce light is good for smaller areas, the background becomes dim and out of focus
Figure 4-38, a series of time exposures
Figure 4-39, the aperture priority mode lights a large dimly lit scene, courtesy of M. Hashemi, GWU MS student
